ABSTRACT
Background: SARS-CoV-2 is well known disorder to affect respiratory system, although it can also influence several extrapulmonary organs through variety of pathological mechanism. In this study, we aimed to discuss the prevalence of atypical and/or extrapulmonary manifestations in COVID-19, therefor action for early isolation and diagnosis can be initiated to prevent spread of infection. Methods: This retrospective observational study included 4200 admitted COVID-19 patients. The patient's data concerning medical history, clinical symptoms at presentation and during course of hospitalization, laboratory and radiological diagnosis and underlying chronic medical illness were extracted from their medical records. Data of extrapulmonary and/or atypical presentations of COVID-19 were compiled and tabulated to know prevalence of these manifestations. Results: In this study, 1260 patients (30%) had symptomatic presentation. Major extrapulmonary clinical manifestation includes fatigue in 72.22% patients, impaired sense of taste (ageusia) in 58.73%, loss of appetite in 52.78%, impaired sense of smell (anosmia) in 46.83%, palpitation in 33.33%, headache in 33.17%, nausea/vomiting in 31.43%, diarrhoea in 25.40% patients. Among symptomatic COVID-19 patients, 95.56% patients had sinus tachycardia, 38.49% had lymphocytopenia, 36.83% had hepatitis, 35.48% had leukopenia, 27.83% had gastroenteritis, 22.22% had sepsis, 20.87% had proteinuria, 17.30% had coronary artery disease and 16.34% had acute kidney injury in decreasing order. Prevalence of coagulation defect associated disorder were found to be deep venous thrombosis in 15.56% patients, acute coronary syndrome in 7.78%, brain infarct in 6.35%, pulmonary artery thrombosis in 3.25% and SMA thrombosis in 0.32% of symptomatic patients. Conclusion: Patients of SARS-CoV-2 had widespread organ-specific manifestations with involvement of almost all organ system of body. Clinicians must have knowledge of these extrapulmonary symptoms or atypical presentation of COVID-19 as it assists in early diagnosis, isolation of suspected patients and limit the transmission of infection in the hospital settings. © 2022 Journal of Association of Physicians of India. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Background: The present study was undertaken to determine the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and evaluate its association with clinical presentation, severity, radiological imaging, management, and outcome in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection. Methods: The present study included 132 admitted COVID-19 patients, categorized into three groups. Group 1 had IL-6 within the normal reference range, Group 2 had IL-6 raised up to ten times the upper normal limit (UNL), and Group 3 had IL-6 level raised > ten times the UNL. The patient's data concerning medical history, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, radiological imaging, management, and outcome were extracted from their medical records for subsequent evaluation, interpretation, and association among the groups. Results: COVID-19 patients with raised IL-6 levels exhibited frequent symptomatic presentations, severity, and critical illness, especially with extremely high IL-6 levels (P < 0.001). Radiological findings in terms of a digital chest radiograph and high-resolution computed tomography (CT) chest indicated severe lung involvement in patients with extremely high IL-6 levels (P < 0.05). The majority of patients with extremely raised IL-6 levels were associated with the classic COVID-19 CT images (P = 0.014). Patients with extremely raised IL-6 levels required intensive treatment as compared to normal IL-6 group in terms of tocilizumab therapy (P = 0.008), noninvasive ventilation (P < 0.001), and intensive care unit care (P = 0.009) associated with higher mortality (P = 0.046). Conclusion: Raised IL-6 levels in COVID-19 patients should be considered a risk factor for the severity of the disease, inflammatory storm, and rapid pulmonary invasion. There is an urgent need for establishing a treatment protocol in patients with extremely raised IL-6 levels.